Waves of Congestion

You're confined to a single lane as you drive along a narrow, winding road. The car in front of you suddenly slows, then just as inexplicably accelerates a short time later, only to slow again. As you keep adjusting to the leading car's erratic speed changes, you sometimes find a clump of vehicles closely tailing you and, at other times, only a few vehicles in sight.

From a physicist's point of view, traffic flow can be regarded as a "many-body system of strongly interacting bodies." Various studies have revealed that such systems can show wavelike behavior and abrupt transitions from one state to another. The shift from freely moving to jammed traffic, for example, corresponds to a phase transition from gas to liquid.

Using such models, researchers have identified various factors that induce traffic jams. These factors generally correspond to everyday situations: mistimed traffic signals, a blocked lane, the narrowing of a freeway to fewer lanes, a busy exit or entry ramp, a truck slowly grinding its way up a hill.

The models indicate that what happens typically depends on traffic volume--a combination of vehicle density and average speed. At low volume, cars move more or less independently, achieve a preferred speed, and change lanes as required. At high volume, small disturbances can trigger congestion.

Computer simulations also suggest that at moderate traffic volumes when vehicle flow should be relatively stable, a single car moving at randomly fluctuating speeds within a steady stream of traffic along a single lane can by itself create waves of congestion that propagate down the road behind it. Cars far from the offending vehicle can find themselves unexpectedly caught up in localized traffic jams that have no apparent cause.

In this discrete "car following" traffic model, the velocity of car N fluctuates randomly.

Suppose, for instance, that one vehicle unexpectedly slows down, then speeds up. The cause could be a parent distracted by a vociferous child or an aging car struggling up a steep slope. Cars behind that vehicle slow down in response, and traffic begins to bunch up until the lead vehicle's speed increases again. This transitory bunching can develop into a persistent cluster of dense traffic that moves backward relative to the car with the fluctuating speed.

The amount and type of congestion induced by an erratic driver depend on how much the leading car's velocity fluctuates, even when the average speed matches that of the rest of the traffic. For moderate fluctuations, for instance, an erratically driven car can trigger a train of density waves, which move upstream like shock waves. The situation worsens when the average traffic speed is slower. Isolated, moving clusters quickly grow into a nearly continuous jam of congested traffic as the average speed decreases.

The simulations clearly suggest that, under the right circumstances, an individual driving erratically enough can readily cause the sorts of traffic jams normally associated with much heavier traffic.

References:

Ball, P. 2000. Slow, slow, quick, quick, slow. Nature Science Update (April 17). Available at http://www.nature.com/nsu/000420/000420-4.html.

Banks, R. B. 1998. Towing Icebergs, Falling Dominoes, and Other Adventures in Applied Mathematics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

Nagatani, T. 2000. Traffic jams induced by fluctuation of leading car. Physical Review E 61(April):3534-3540.

Peterson, I. 2000. Traffic woes of the single driver. Science News 157(May 6):303.

Tomer, E., L. Safonov, and S. Havlin. 2000. Presence of many stable nonhomogeneous states in an inertial car-following model. Physical Review Letters 84(Jan. 10):382-385.

Weiss, P. 1999. Stop-and-go science. Science News 156(July 3):8-10. Available at http://www.sciencenews.org/sn_arc99/7_3_99/bob1.htm.

You can check out various types of traffic simulations at http://sunsite.utk.edu/winners_circle/unlimited/UNAL2I6J/applet.html, http://www.math.toronto.edu/mathnet/carcompet/simulation.html, and http://www.theo2.physik.uni-stuttgart.de/helbing/RoadApplet/.

Comments are welcome. Please send messages to Ivars Peterson at ip@sciserv.org.