Biological Computation

Introduction and Biological Background
Biological Computation
The Influence of Biology on Mathematics—Historical Examples
Biological Introduction
Models and Simulations

Cellular Automata
Biological Background
The Game of Life
General Definition of Cellular Automata
One-Dimensional Automata
Examples of Cellular Automata
Comparison with a Continuous Mathematical Model
Computational Universality
Self-Replication
Pseudo Code

Evolutionary Computation
Evolutionary Biology and Evolutionary Computation
Genetic Algorithms
Example Applications
Analysis of the Behavior of Genetic Algorithms
Lamarckian Evolution
Genetic Programming
A Second Look at the Evolutionary Process
Pseudo Code

Artificial Neural Networks
Biological Background
Learning
Artificial Neural Networks
The Perceptron
Learning in a Multilayered Network
Associative Memory
Unsupervised Learning

Molecular Computation
Biological Background
Computation Using DNA
Enzymatic Computation

The Never-Ending Story: Additional Topics at the Interface between Biology and Computation
Swarm Intelligence
Artificial Immune Systems
Artificial Life
Systems Biology
Recommendations for Additional Reading