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List of Figures |
ix |
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Introduction
Sample Chapter - Download PDF (53 KB) |
1 |
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Part 1: Materials in Eighteenth-Century Science
Contexts and Practices |
5 |
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Introduction to Part I
Sample Chapter - Download PDF (139 KB) |
7 |
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1 |
Commodities and Natural Objects
Sample Chapter - Download PDF (71 KB) |
11 |
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1.1 |
Origin from the three natural kingdoms |
11 |
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1.2 |
Commodities |
14 |
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1.3 |
Learned inquiry into materials |
19 |
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2 |
Practices of Studying Materials in Eighteenth-Century Chemistry |
21 |
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2.1 |
Experimental history (historia experimentalis) |
22 |
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2.2 |
Technological improvement |
31 |
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2.3 |
Experimental inquiries into the imperceptible dimension of substances |
37 |
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2.4 |
The many dimensions of material substances |
58 |
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3 |
Why Study Classification? |
63 |
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3.1 |
Selectivity |
63 |
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3.2 |
Ontological shifts |
66 |
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3.3 |
Productivity |
68 |
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3.4 |
Diversity |
74 |
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3.5 |
Representing chemical classifications |
76 |
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Part II: A World of Pure Chemical Substances |
81 |
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Introduction to Part II |
83 |
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4 |
1787: A New Nomenclature |
87 |
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4.1 |
The anti-phlogistic task force |
88 |
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4.2 |
Chemists’ request for a new chemical nomenclature |
91 |
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4.3 |
The new nomenclature: A divide? |
92 |
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4.4 |
Classification in the Méthode |
94 |
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5 |
The Tableau de la Nomenclature Chimique |
97 |
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5.1 |
Description of the Tableau |
97 |
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5.2 |
The formal classificatory structure of the Tableau |
106 |
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6 |
Classifying According to Chemical Composition |
109 |
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6.1 |
Pure chemical substances |
109 |
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6.2 |
Composition |
112 |
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6.3 |
The arduous career of the analytical method |
115 |
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7 |
Simple Substances and Paradigmatic Syntheses |
127 |
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7.1 |
Classification of simple substances |
128 |
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8 |
Operations with Pure Chemical Substances |
135 |
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8.1 |
Reversible operations in metallurgy |
136 |
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8.2 |
Reversible operations in pharmaceutical salt production |
142 |
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8.3 |
A chemistry of pure substances takes shape: Geoffroy's affinity table of 1718 |
147 |
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9 |
Classification of Pure Chemical Substances before 1787 |
155 |
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9.1 |
Classification of substances in affinity tables |
155 |
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9.2 |
The classifications of minerals before 1787 |
163 |
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10 |
A Revolutionary Table? |
179 |
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10.1 |
Reaping the rewards of a century |
179 |
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10.2 |
Classification and Chemical Revolution |
182 |
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10.3 |
The classification's transitoriness |
185 |
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10.4 |
Classification and nomenclature |
187 |
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Part III: A Different World
Plant Materials |
193 |
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Introduction to Part III |
195 |
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11 |
Diverse Orders of Plant Materials |
199 |
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11.1 |
Commodities from the vegetable kingdom |
199 |
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11.2 |
Natural historical modes of identification and classification |
201 |
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11.3 |
Pharmaceutical and artisanal modes of classifying plant materials |
205 |
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12 |
Ultimate Principles of Plants: Plant Analysis prior to 1750 |
211 |
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12.1 |
Separation of the ultimate chemical principles |
211 |
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12.2 |
Simplicia, vegetable juices, and the ultimate principles of plants |
213 |
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12.3 |
Meanings of "plant analysis" |
216 |
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13 |
The Epistemic Elevation of Vegetable Commodities |
221 |
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13.1 |
Chemists’ grouping together of proximate principles of plants after 1750 |
221 |
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13.2 |
Plants and animals as "organized" or "organic" bodies |
232 |
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13.3 |
A second ontological shift circa 1790
The coming into being of "organic substances" |
245 |
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14 |
The Failure of Lavoisier's Plant Chemistry |
255 |
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14.1 |
Lavoisier's analytical program for classifying plant and animal substances |
255 |
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14.2 |
Theoretical limits of Lavoisier's analytical program |
266 |
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15 |
Uncertainties |
273 |
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15.1 |
Ambiguities and disagreement in chemists' identification and classification |
273 |
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15.2 |
What were the taxonomic consequences of the Lavoisierian analytical program? |
276 |
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16 |
A Novel Mode of Classifying Organic Substances and an Ontological Shift around 1830 |
285 |
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16.1 |
The ontological shift in the 1830s: stoichiometric substances |
288 |
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16.2 |
The trajectory of ontological shifts in plant chemistry |
291 |
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Conclusion: Multidimensional Objects and Materiality |
295 |
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References |
307 |
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Name Index |