Introduction to Statistics
What Is Statistics Good for?
Some Further Applications of Statistics
Some Basic Statistical Ideas
On Studying Statistics
Describing Data: Tables and Graphs
Looking at a Single Variable
Looking for Relationships
Looking at Variables over Time
Describing Data: Summary Statistics
When Pictures Will Not Do
Measures of a Single Numeric Variable
Measures of a Single Categorical Variable
Measures of a Relationship
Basic Probability
Why Probability?
The Basics
Computing Probabilities
Some Tools That May Help
Revising Probabilities with Bayes’ Theorem
Probability Distributions
Discrete Random Variables
The Binomial Probability Distribution
Continuous Random Variables
The Normal Distribution: The Bell-Shaped Curve
The Normal Approximation to the Binomial
Sampling and Sampling Distributions
Sampling
What Are Sampling Distributions and Why Are They Interesting?
The Sampling Distribution of a Proportion
The Sampling Distribution of a Mean: σX Known
The Sampling Distribution of a Mean: σX Unknown
Other Sampling Distributions
Estimation and Confidence Intervals
Point and Interval Estimators of Unknown Population Parameters
Estimates of the Population Proportion
Estimates of the Population Mean
A Final Word on Confidence Intervals
Tests of Hypotheses: One-Sample Tests
Testing a Claim: Type I and Type II Errors
A Two-Tailed Test for the Population Proportion
A One-Tailed Alternative for the Population Proportion
Tests for the Population Mean
A Two-Tailed Test for the Population Mean
A One-Tailed Alternative for the Population Mean
A Final Word on One-Sample Tests
Tests of Hypotheses: Two-Sample Tests
Looking for Relationships Again
A Difference in Population Proportions
A Difference in Population Means
A Difference in Means: σs Known
A Difference in Means: σs Unknown but Equal
A Difference in Means: σs Unknown and Unequal
A Difference in Means: Using Paired Data
A Final Word on Two-Sample Tests
Tests of Hypotheses: Contingency and Goodness-of-Fit
A Difference in Proportions: An Alternate Approach
Contingency Tables with Several Rows and/or Columns
A Final Word on Contingency Tables
Testing for Goodness-of-Fit
A Final Example on Testing for Goodness-of-Fit
Tests of Hypotheses: ANOVA and Tests of Variances
A Difference in Means: An Alternate Approach
ANOVA with Several Categories
A Final Word on ANOVA
A Difference in Population Variances
Simple Regression and Correlation
The Population Regression Line
The Sample Regression Line
Evaluating the Sample Regression Line
Evaluating the Sample Regression Slope
The Relationship of F and t: Here and Beyond
Predictions Using the Regression Line
Regression and Correlation
Another Example
Dummy Explanatory Variables
The Need for Multiple Regression
Multiple Regression
Extensions of Regression Analysis
The Population Regression Line
The Sample Regression Line
Evaluating the Sample Regression Line
Evaluating the Sample Regression Slopes
Predictions Using the Regression Line
Categorical Variables
Estimating Curved Lines
Additional Examples
Time-Series Analysis
Exploiting Patterns over Time
The Basic Components of a Time Series
Moving Averages
Seasonal Variation
The Long-Term Trend
The Business Cycle
Putting It All Together: Forecasting
Another Example
Appendix A
Appendix B: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises
Appendix C
Index